Accountability of the UN Peace Support Operations Essay Example for Free

Accountability of the UN Peace Support Operations Essay Global peace and security are among the United Nations core missions (Charter of the UN; chap. 1, art. 1). At its founding in 1945, the UN aimed to serve as a global high command to keep the peace in a post-colonial, post-fascist world. The end of the Cold War has made the United Nations an ever more important partner and player in the varied tasks of conflict resolution and conflict avoidance. With the closing of the ideological gap between East and West many look to the peacekeeping apparatus of the United Nations as the best tool to deal with the lesser crises that emerged after the collapse of the Soviet Union (Morrison Blair 243). Thus, there is a belief that the United Nations has a pre-eminent role to play in global peace and security (Falk 627) by means of undertaking measures that fall under the category of preventive diplomacy – peace-keeping, peace-making and peace building (Inoguchi 3). At the same time there are many critics of the way the UN has managed its security roles in the post-Cold War period. See more:Â  Masters of Satire: John Dryden and Jonathan Swift Essay Some see threatening trends in the strengthening of the powers of the UN Security Council since the Gulf War; most agree that the Security Council has limits to its effectiveness as a global policeman. Both advocates and critics of the UN peacekeeping policies recognise that to be successful the peace support operations have to be sufficiently accountable – the same way as any use of military forces in democratic nations (Newman 16). The purpose of this study is to explore what channels of accountability of peace support operations under the auspices of the UN exist and how sufficient they are. Toward this end we will scrutinize how accountability is established, who is accountable for a mandate that cannot be carried out because of insufficient personnel, examine the degree of transparency in establishing responsibility of the parties involved, discuss the cases of peacekeepers’ misconduct, and make the conclusion. The Channels of Accountability of Peace Support Operations Such conceptions as preventive diplomacy, preventive deployment, humanitarian assistance, peacekeeping and peace-building make the essence of common vision on global peace missions. This has called forth an international partnership comprising the military, civilian police, governments and NGOs, diplomatic services, mass communication media, and other establishments supporting democratisation and advancement processes (Newman 8). At present time decisions on the uses of military forces for peacekeeping operations can be taken in international establishments far from legislative authorities that democratic administrations relied on to ensure accountability. Sometimes the principles of decision-making in such supranational institutions run counter to democratic foundations (Ku Jacobson 24). In the case of peace support operations carried out under the auspices of the UN the issue of accountability especially bring up when they deal with plenary powers and amenability for decisions on deploying military forces, incurring certain risks, choosing mission goals, and carry mandates into effect (Morrison Blair 254). Here it is of great importance to realise in what ways national governments may share responsibility with the UN and at the same time retain sufficient degree of accountability to their citizenry. The scholars define such channels of accountability as: international authorisation [and] [ ] national authorisation to use military forces, democratic civilian control of military personnel and operations, civilian responsibility to the military for the safety of deployed personnel, [and] responsibility to comply with norms governing the conduct of military and other international personnel in the field (Ku Jacobson 22). Among them the first one has been implemented successfully, for the most part, due to major shift in international politics from nations operating on their own to nations which act under the auspices of international establishments. The other channels were covered by national authorities by means of legal systems and appropriate domestic procedures inculcated in national constitutions, laws, legislative instruments and regulations as well as political and military traditions (Chesterman 99). At the national level legislative and executive authorities take decisions on the goals and targets of military missions, define the rules of conduct and involvement. Officials in charge of such decisions incur a full liability for adequacy of their deeds and are accountable to the citizens who elected them (Falk 634). But in case of peacekeeping operations under the auspices of the UN the issue of accountability is more complicated. It seems unrealisable to set responsibility at the international level in the same way. Hague and Geneva Conventions which are considered as the principal international laws of war provide precise directions on the conduct of military staff in the course of their peacekeeping missions and their responsibility toward the civilians and property in their zone of operations (Boulden 9). Hence, to evaluate the sufficiency of accountability of the UN peace support operations we have to discuss how these norms apply to peacekeeping troops deployed under the UN auspices and whether such norms are observed in practice.

The Character of George in John Steinbecks Of Mice and Men Essay

Of Mice and Men character essay George Character : George George, a character in Of Mice and Men, by John Steinbeck was â€Å"small and quick, dark of face, with restless eyes and sharp, strong features. Every part of him was defined: small, strong hands, slender arms, a thin and bony nose.† (Steinbeck, Pg.2) George was Caucasian and it looked as if he had stepped out of an old movie containing drifters, better known as migrant workers. Although physically George was very small, he had complete control over his companion Lennie, the way a father controls a son. George not only controlled Lennie but he also looked out for him and he wanted him to be happy. An example of this is how he constantly reminds Lennie of their dream, to work on their own farm, much like the dreams of other migrant workers. â€Å"Sure, we’d have a little house an’ a room to ourself, little fat iron stove an’ in the winter we’d keep a fire goin’ in it. It ain’t enough land so we’d have to work too hard. Maybe six, seven hours a day. An’ when we put in a crop, why, we’d be there to take the crop up. We’d know what come of our planting.† (Pg. 58) George had taken care of Lennie, every step of the way, just like his Aunt Clara told him to. â€Å"He ain’t much of a talker, is he? No he ain’t but sure is a hell of a good worker.†(Pg. 21-22) George even went as far as talking for Lennie to get him a job at the ranch, something not many workers would have done for eachother. Ev en though George acted like ... The Character of George in John Steinbeck's Of Mice and Men Essay Of Mice and Men character essay George Character : George George, a character in Of Mice and Men, by John Steinbeck was â€Å"small and quick, dark of face, with restless eyes and sharp, strong features. Every part of him was defined: small, strong hands, slender arms, a thin and bony nose.† (Steinbeck, Pg.2) George was Caucasian and it looked as if he had stepped out of an old movie containing drifters, better known as migrant workers. Although physically George was very small, he had complete control over his companion Lennie, the way a father controls a son. George not only controlled Lennie but he also looked out for him and he wanted him to be happy. An example of this is how he constantly reminds Lennie of their dream, to work on their own farm, much like the dreams of other migrant workers. â€Å"Sure, we’d have a little house an’ a room to ourself, little fat iron stove an’ in the winter we’d keep a fire goin’ in it. It ain’t enough land so we’d have to work too hard. Maybe six, seven hours a day. An’ when we put in a crop, why, we’d be there to take the crop up. We’d know what come of our planting.† (Pg. 58) George had taken care of Lennie, every step of the way, just like his Aunt Clara told him to. â€Å"He ain’t much of a talker, is he? No he ain’t but sure is a hell of a good worker.†(Pg. 21-22) George even went as far as talking for Lennie to get him a job at the ranch, something not many workers would have done for eachother. Ev en though George acted like ...

Heredity in a Doll’s House Essay

One major topic incorperated in Henrik Ibsen’s play A Doll House is the influence of heredity on a person. Ibsen seems to think that heredity is responsible for all faults in a person’s existence. Even what modern-day scientists would classify as environemental factors are ocnsidered heredity in Ibsen’s play. The first discussion of inheretid traits comes barely a dozen pages into the play. Helmer is telling Nora how she is a spendthrift: You’re an odd little one. Exactly the way your father was. . . . It’s deep in your blood. Yes, those things are hereditary, Nora. Most of the discussions having to do with heredity seem to be accusing the person of inheriting an ill-suited trait. This could be because in general people want to appear as though everything good that happens to them is a direct result of something they themselves did. Anything bad that happens is always someone else’s fault. Also, characters in the story place such credence upon the concept of heredity that one does not want to give his sons a bad start in life due ot his bad â€Å"genes. † Krogstad is an example: â€Å"My boys are growing up. For their sakes, I’ll have to win back as much respect as possible here in town. † Helmer, perhaps more than any other character, puts much faith into this system. He remarks, â€Å"Because that kind of atmosphere of lies infects the whole life of a home. Every breath the children take in is filled with the germs of something degenerate. Further, â€Å"Oh, I’ve seen it often enough as a lawyer. Almost everyone who goes bad early in life has a mother who’s a chronic liar. † Heredity plays a large part in setting up the belief systems of the characters such that the background provided in the first act carries through to its eventual conclusion in the final act. The power of heredity ot shape the play is shown by the last li ne of the first act, uttered by Nora: â€Å"Hurt my children—! Poison my home? That’s not true. Never. Never in all the world. â€Å"

Is Horse Considered A Man s Best Friend Horses - 1374 Words

Is a horse considered a man’s best friend? Horses have been by our side for over six thousand years helping us and companioning our long days of evolution and work. They have most definitely become as close to us humans as any other pet would be. Other countries, however, don’t appreciate the strong bond that we have built for so long. Foreign countries have come to believe that horse’s meat is tender and delicious enough to serve on their plates! Just last year, over 135,000 horses were slaughtered with their meat being shipped to foreign seas. Horse meat has grown to be in very high demand in foreign countries which results in many slaughterhouses to be popping all over the world. Sadly in the United States, Canada, and Mexico is the main places in the world where these beautiful companion creatures are gathered, slaughtered, butchered and shipped off to foreign countries(Fact Sheet). There is much controversy on whether the slaughtering of horses should be all owed or not because the entire process that they go through is so bad and petrifying to the point where being dead is the best option that they can possibly have(Horse Slaughter-Wikipedia). Even though horse meat is in high demand for human consumption, it is inhuman because slaughterhouses use brutal transportation and killing practices that cause the animal much pain and suffering. Horse meat is considered a delicacy in many foreign countries and is in very high demand in countries like France, Belgium, Italy,Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Poem Hayavdana The Horse Man 999 Words   |  4 PagesThe sub-plot of ‘Hayavdana; the horse-man deepens the significance of the main theme of incompleteness by treating it on a different plane. The horse-man-s search for completeness ends comically, with his becoming a complete horse. 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